10 Best Blockchain Programming Languages in 2025

Blockchain technology is extensively applied in digital voting, medical record-keeping, decentralized finance, gaming, capital markets, supply chain management, etc.

Increasingly, enterprises and end-user individuals desire to utilize blockchain for enhancing transparency, security, and communication.

Due to the vast and diverse applications of this advanced technology, the need for blockchain development language expertise and understanding has been increasing.

This article gives some background information on the top programming languages for blockchain, which is useful for both developers and companies looking to integrate this technology into their practice.

Top 10 Blockchain Programming Languages in 2025

Now, let's talk about the leading programming software and the programming languages used for Blockchain Programming, along with their advantages and disadvantages:

1. Java

Java programming language was developed in 1995 and is used to create Android applications. It is among the leading blockchain programming languages and is most sought after by programmers, particularly for creating complex blockchain applications.

Java supports dense Application Programming Interfaces or API and object-oriented programming. The Java Virtual Machine allows portability and flexibility of code. Java also includes a huge library. All these factors make Java very ideal for blockchain programming.

Developers utilize Java extensively for the Ethereum blockchain, a cryptocurrency. Hyperledger, IOTA, and NEM are some of the well-known blockchain technologies developed in Java.

Pros

🔘Independent Platform: Java is a platform-independent language, that is due to its Write Once Run Anywhere (WORA) facility.

🔘Developer-friendly: Developer non-rigidity makes it more convenient to use.

🔘Secure Interface: Java avoids explicit pointers, thereby decreasing security threats. The security manager in Java enables us to specify access rules for a class.

🔘Multithreaded and Dynamic: Simultaneously, more than one thread can execute in Java (thread is the smallest entity of a process), and multi-threading results in maximum utilization of the CPU, making it more versatile.

Cons

🔘Memory Consuming: It is slower in execution compared to C or C++ and is more memory intensive.

🔘Java Provides no Backup Facilities: It concentrates only on memory, and hence, it is not very helpful among programmers.

🔘Different from Native Applications: It is verbose, i.e., it uses a lot of keywords and involves lengthy and complicated coding.

2. Python

Python is one of the top programming languages for blockchain. Developed in 1991, Python is an open-source language and employs shorter codes that are simple to learn.

It is an object-oriented programming language. Python is used extensively for blockchain development, excluding AI and machine learning.

Python has numerous libraries, plugins, and resources that support blockchain development.

The language is also easy to read, and this supports blockchain developers from concentrating on syntax to coding. Python coding in the blockchain is also highly efficient for prototyping.

Some well-known Blockchain solutions developed using Python are NEO, Hyperledger Fabric, and STEEM.

Pros

🔘Extensible Features: Python runs the lines one after another, which makes error detection and debugging easier.

🔘Object-Oriented Programming Language: Because this language is so simple, users can spend more time studying the coding instead of setting syntax.

🔘Extensive Library: You don't need to rely on third-party libraries because Python's native library is vast.

🔘Comparatively Short Codings: Its English-like syntax makes it simple and easy to access.

Cons

🔘Weak in Cell Phone Devices: It is inflexible for cell phones.

🔘Frequent Runtime Errors: Python is a dynamically typed language, i.e., at times, the data type of variable can be modified, and the string could contain an integer value, leading to errors in the output.

🔘Memory-consuming Language: Since it takes a vast memory space, it takes longer to execute.

3. Solidity

Solidity was designed with blockchain development in mind and is a strongly developer-centric language. Solidity is a Java-like programming language that is also influenced by C++, PowerShell, and Python. Solidity is a widely used programming language with competition for Ethereum as far as blockchain development goes.

Solidity is commonly used to create smart contracts between two parties running on an Ethereum Virtual Machine. Solidity grants access to JavaScript infrastructure, debuggers, and development tools. Its static writing feature allows the code not to be compiled until it is error-free.

Pros

🔘Statically Typed Blockchain Programming Language: Solidity offers a strong and more flexible coding structure for smart contracts.

🔘User-friendly: The easy-to-use aspect of Solidity makes it flexible.

🔘Provides a High Accuracy Rate: Solidity offers a secure, reliable, and accurate platform for diverse sources in structuring smart contracts among two parties.

🔘Application Binary Interface (ABI): There are several type-safe functions in Solidity due to ABI.

Cons

🔘Inherently difficult to reason about: In Solidity, after creating a contract, it cannot be modified if required. Other features cannot be included in the contract.

🔘Occasionally, it may not be able to gain adequate code coverage with regard to smart contracts.

🔘Lack of centralized documentation of identified vulnerabilities.

4. PHP

PHP is an open-source platform-independent programming language created in 1994. It is used to create web applications extensively and drives well-known platforms like Facebook, Drupal, and WordPress.

PHP is also one of the favored languages for the quick and simple creation of blockchain applications.

PHP is ideal for blockchain development due to various reasons: support for various operating systems, easy to learn, a built-in database connectivity module, object-oriented, and a massive open-source community.

Pros

🔘The most glaring benefit of PHP is that it is an open-source programming language. It can be directly installed and utilized.

🔘PHP is an OS-independent language, and it can be used with any OS like Windows, Linux, etc.

🔘It is easy, so it is less time-consuming to learn, and working on it becomes more convenient.

🔘Its inbuilt database connection module alleviates the hassle and time involved in web application development.

Cons

🔘It is not optimal for large content-based web applications.

🔘It does not permit modification in the core functionalities and approaches of online applications.

🔘Runtime errors are common.

🔘PHP is difficult to handle since it replicates the properties of the Java language.

5. C++

C++ was developed in 1985 and is the most appropriate programming language for creating cryptocurrencies. Numerous cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Ripple, Stellar, EOS, and Litecoin have been created with the help of C++.

C++ is the most used language in blockchain development because of function overloading, runtime polymorphism, and multithreading. The object-oriented programming nature and quicker execution time than Java make C++ very suitable for blockchain development.

Pros

🔘Structured Programming Language: It is an Object-Oriented Programming language, which makes it much simpler than other binary coding languages.

🔘Data Hiding Makes it Secure: Global data and functions are utilized in C++, unlike most high-level programming languages.

🔘Developer-friendly: Simple to be employed;

🔘Comparatively Rapid and Powerful: It is an object-oriented language as well as a multi-paradigm language, and its time of execution is quicker compared to Java.

Cons

🔘Doesn’t Support Dynamic Memory Allocation: It doesn't support garbage pickup.

🔘Complexity gains with coding length;

🔘Platform-Specific Language: It is used mostly for platform-specific applications, as opposed to Java.

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6. Go

Go, also known as Golang, is a statically typed programming language extensively used for blockchain app development, big data, and machine learning. It ranks among the most popular coding languages for blockchain solutions.

Go has the best qualities of Java and Python, including usability, scalability, speed, and flexibility, which make it advantageous for blockchain programming. It is also a static language that prevents most syntax errors, making blockchain web applications simpler.

Hyperledger Fabric and GO-Ethereum are the two most well-liked blockchain developments of GO.

Pros

🔘Runtime Efficiency: Languages with virtual runtime generally perform better than typical programming languages such as Golang.

🔘Smooth Web Application Building: It is static but provides the coder with the experience of a dynamic language. Since it is static, lots of syntax errors can be prevented, and web application development is simple.

🔘Garbage Collection: This language is meant for efficient and effective coders who desire to complete their work as fast as possible, which is simple due to this characteristic of Golang.

🔘Organized Typing: Syntaxes are structured.

Cons

🔘Error Handling: if error tracking is gone, a repair function needs to be used, making the developer type long blocks to locate the error.

🔘Still New in the Market: Being young in the world of technology, developers are unable to access some of its libraries.

🔘No Niche like Java: In the absence of a niche or generic, its codes cannot be reused again like others.

🔘Comparatively Fewer Packages: Although the number of packages is increasing, even then, the Go standard library is loaded with features that do not require third-party support.

7. C#

C# is an open-source programming language designed by Microsoft as a rival to Java. It is full of features of various app development frameworks like .NET, SQL, and C. According to an estimate, 5-8 million C# developers exist across the world.

C# is a very popular blockchain development language. It is a good language to use for blockchain development because it has characteristics such as open source, simple syntax to learn, full library, simplicity in implementation of portable codes between devices, support for distributed systems, and many more.

C# is used widely to create blockchain-based apps and smart contracts.

Pros

🔘Rich library class makes it simple for programmers to access menu functions and implement them in the coding bus stop.

🔘Loss of memory is not an issue for C# developers, unlike C++ programmers.

🔘The concept of assembly makes version control a problem simpler and manages it effectively.

🔘It can be an aid to the distributed system.

Cons

🔘Low-level things like using and communicating directly with hardware via drivers and firmware are inaccessible to a programmer.

🔘It lacks a standalone compiler.

🔘It employs byte codes and the JIT compiler as an interface between machine code and hardware, which makes the execution process slow and time-consuming.

8. Ruby

Ruby is a programming language that evolved in the 1990s in Japan. Asian developers specifically use it to develop blockchain-based applications and platforms. Ruby is platform-independent and is a developers' language.

Ruby offers third-party APIs and plugins for blockchain programming. It is also a multi-paradigm language that supports blockchain programming on multiple platforms. Furthermore, Ruby also supports the integration of features of other programming languages used in app development into the same blockchain platform.

Pros

🔘It is a Multi-Paradigm language.

🔘Rail frameworks possess a huge and robust developer base (Ruby on Rails).

🔘It can be installed in Windows as well as PIOX.

Cons

🔘Hard to debug and produces runtime errors at times.

🔘It has less Flexibility and is not so popular with the developers.

🔘Its Processing speed is relatively slower.

9. Rholang

Rholang is quite a new programming language compared to others. It follows a functional way compared to object-oriented programming. This language is also suitable for blockchain programming.

Rholang has a very simple syntax and is very flexible. It is specifically designed to make programming for blockchain faster. A functional approach implies that it builds an app step by step as a chain of functions.

Rholang is used extensively in creating complex blockchain solutions like smart contracts.

Pros

🔘It is Secure and Reliable.

🔘Easy to use - The Rolang language is very flexible, so using it is easy.

🔘It is Speed-oriented in blockchain programming.

Cons

🔘It is relatively new in the market, and fewer users are aware of it.

🔘It may not be challenging for a tech expert to apply undeveloped blockchain programming from this language, but it may pose challenges to a beginner.

10. Simplicity

Simplicity was created by Russell O'Connor and was released in November 2017. The syntax of this language is Haskell-like, which makes coding efficient and convenient. The mathematical nature of this language also makes the code simple to read.

Simplicity is a very dependable programming language for blockchain development. It is specifically being utilized in order to create dependable and complex smart contracts in addition to blockchain solutions to be executed on Bitcoin and Ethereum Virtual Machine.

Pros

🔘Other languages ​​than Simplify are not observed to be dependable as money is said to be stolen or cannot be retrieved due to reasonable contractual faults and codes revealing their service limits.

🔘Recently, EVM development has been unsuccessful during the software testing stage due to the fact that usage never equals the calculation result.

🔘Simplicity is able to override all these disadvantages of other languages and is a secure and stable application for blockchain programming.

Cons

🔘The code optimizers cannot be developed yet.

🔘It is still pending to merge the functional and formal correctness of the cryptographic protocols for the smart contracts to be completely verified.

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How to Select the Correct Blockchain Language?

To make a final decision on blockchain language, we recommend considering three more things: analyzing your business use case, checking the talent pool, and ensuring cross-chain compatibility of the solution.

If you’re still not sure about your choice, you can always drop a line to our experienced blockchain consultants, who know all the pros and cons of different technologies.

Matching the Use Case with the Blockchain Language

The first step is to analyze the technical requirements of your project and your industry-specific needs to align the business use case with the appropriate blockchain coding language options.

For example, for DeFi projects, Solidity is a good choice, as it's customized for Ethereum smart contracts. For enterprise software development solutions, our clients often prefer to Go due to its good performance and scalability.

Hiring Developers for the Chosen Language

Then, think about the pool of available developers skilled in the blockchain languages suitable for your business use case. Assessing the talent base early on is advisable, as it can have a direct impact on development expenses as well as long-term blockchain solution maintenance. For example, there are numerous Solidity developers with experience in Ethereum development, but Go, and Java engineers might be more difficult to come by, particularly with experience working on industry-specific blockchain solutions.

Future-proofing with Cross-chain Compatibility

Lastly, you must also ensure the long-term sustainability of the picked language and assess its compatibility across chains. Rust, for instance, is gaining momentum because it has been used on many platforms, including Solana and Polkadot. Using blockchain coding languages that are versatile in many platforms keeps your solution in line with changing ecosystems and makes it more stable and better performing in the future.

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Choose the Best Blockchain Language

When you are deciding on a tech stack for your blockchain software development, we recommend assessing the blockchain coding language baby considering factors, such as, its security, performance, scalability, ecosystem, developer support, and interoperability.

Furthermore, you should also consider the core usage of your blockchain solution, the language-proficient talent pool, and cross-chain compatibility.

It’s recommended if you don’t rush into things and end up choosing the unsuitable blockchain language. When it comes to choosing the most suitable blockchain coding language, it’d be better to take your time to analyze all the factors and consider all the risks you may face during the development process if you have doubts about choosing a cost-efficient and secure blockchain programming language.

Furthermore, contact Arramton Infotech for iOS and Android app development services in Delhi that build secure and scalable blockchain solutions.

Conclusion

In summary, it is crucial to comprehend the leading blockchain programming languages in today's fast-changing digital environment.

As blockchain technology becomes more pervasive across sectors, being skilled in the proper programming languages matters for developers and companies.

If you are not a coder, it's always better to seek professional assistance. A blockchain consulting firm will enable you to choose the most appropriate solution for your project or business.

Professionals will assist you in selecting an appropriate blockchain, ideal programming language, and functionalities that will make your product competitive.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q. How do I choose a suitable blockchain language for a DeFi project?

Ans: The language of your DeFi project will depend on the blockchain platform you’re choosing; it may be Ethereum, BSC, Polkadot, or Solana, among others. Each of the platforms offers a set of recommended compatible languages for DeFi projects. Experts in consulting will also prove to be of immense assistance while selecting suitable smart contract language directly targeted at the intended project; for example, app development is best suited with Solidity, whereas C++, Python, and JavaScript are better options for Web3 gaming. Other factors you need to take into account during language selection are gas costs (too expensive on Ethereum), scalability capacity, and compatibility.

Q. What are the best programming languages for smart contract development?

Ans: The times are moving quickly, and so are the premier standards for building smart contracts. Just a couple of years back, Solidity, Rust, Plutus (for Cardano projects), and Michelson (for Tezos projects) formed the top list of programming languages for building smart contracts. Nowadays, these smart contract giants are being replaced by newer, simpler, and stronger programming choices, like Vyper, Yul, Cairo, and Move. However, Rust and Solidity continue to maintain high demand and popularity.

Q. Why is the demand for blockchain development skills increasing?

Ans: Blockchain development is growing as the virtual world is slowly moving toward the decentralized, blockchain-driven Web3. The international community of internet users is increasingly drawn to the potential and promise of dApps, which are transparent, secure, and centered on user ownership and privacy. Demand for blockchain development services is, therefore, rapidly growing, with a stark deficit in blockchain engineering and coding expertise seen globally. The speed of human acquisition is much lower than that of technological development, so talented and professional blockchain developers are in very high demand nowadays.

Q. How to be a blockchain developer?

Ans: To become a blockchain developer, you need to build a strong foundation in computer science and software development and then specialize in blockchain technology. This involves learning programming languages, understanding blockchain fundamentals, and gaining experience through projects and open-source contributions.